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Relocations can be discussed and settled upon in child custody cases, mediations and collaborative divorce cases.  What happens, however, if the parties (usually parents) do not agree on whether a parent should be allowed?  As usual, the best interests of the children are used as the legal standard in New York to decide relocation requests in child custody cases.  The default law, once an order about child custody or parenting time (aka visitation) is made, is that the parent that has physical custody would need permission from the other parent, or a court that has jurisdiction about child custody to decide the relocation request.  Parties to a child custody and parenting time case are free to agree to include different language about future relocations with the child.  If the order is silent about relocations, the default law is what would control in the case.  As a New York City and Long Island child custody lawyer, I have experience in settling and litigating relocation issues in child custody cases.

Probably the oldest and most repeated story about a custody dispute is the biblical story about the wise King Solomon.  Two women came to his court both claiming to be the mother of a baby.  As the judge, King Solomon proposed to resolve the situation by cutting the baby in half and giving each woman half of the baby.  One of the litigants thought this was a great idea while the other begged the King to give the live baby to the other woman.  King Solomon then decided that the true mother was the one who begged for the baby to be given to the other woman.  A New York court cannot propose splitting the baby in half, like the wise King, so in a custody dispute the court is left with the prospect of deciding which parent the child should live with.

The highest court in New York State, the New  York Court of Appeals has set forth factors which should be considered by a judge, or trier of fact when deciding what outcome is the likeliest to be in the best interest of the child, when deciding relocation requests.  For ease of reference I am going to list them out here.  The case law dictates that the following is significant and should be considered by the court: Continue reading ›

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A single adult, a married couple or two adult intimate, even unmarried, partners together may adopt according to the New York Domestic Relations law.  Adoptions can be done through an authorized agency or by private placement including step parent, adult and foster parent adoptions.  Anyone that needs more information on the topic should consult with a New York or Long Island Family Law attorney to learn about their rights.  My office happens to handle such cases.

Petitions for adoptions can be filed in the Surrogates   Court or a New York Family Court.  The petition should include the names, addresses, age, marital status, religious faith (if applicable), and occupations of the proposed adoptive parents.  Similar background information about the adoptive child needs to be submitted, as well as the health and medical history of the child at birth and thereafter.  Known hereditary illnesses or conditions including any drugs or prescriptions taken by the biological mother while she was pregnant with the child should be disclosed.  Care should be taken to include any supplemental information that might have bearing on the child’s well-being including any special skills, hobbies or interests of the parents.  This kind of information can help make a court feel more comfortable about the adoption.  In the final analysis, a court needs to feel that the adoption is in the child’s best interests.

The birth certificate of the subject child should be attached to the application.  The petitioning parents will need to set forth when and how it is that the child came to be with the adoptive parent(s).  Information about the other members of the household in which the child will be living needs to be disclosed.  Anyone having legal custody of the child should be stated in the petition including their addresses.  If possible, a consent form from the birth or legal parents should be included with the application, however, consent is not always required under Domestic Relations Law Section 111 in situations such as when a parent has surrendered their child to an appropriate agency or a parent that has indicated an intent to forego their parental rights.  The consent of a child over fourteen years of age is usually necessary for the adoption.  The court reviewing the adoption application can determine whether consent is necessary for each specific case. Continue reading ›

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Divorce mediation, collaborative divorces and settlements in divorce litigations on Long Island, New York City and the rest of New York operate in the shadow of the law.  What this means is that the law exists in the background but does not have to control the resolution of that particular case.  The reason is these settlements are structured and agreed upon by the divorcing couple with the help of a mediator and/or attorneys.  A judge is confined to decide cases according to the law which might not be particular to the needs of each family.  My experience as a Long Island Divorce Mediation Lawyer, and litigator tells me that a divorce that is decided by a Judge after trial is almost invariably the most expensive route.  An essential element of a settlement or agreement whether it comes from a divorce mediation, collaborative divorce, or a settlement from an uncontested or litigated divorce is that the parties both agree to the terms.  This means that somehow people were able to get past the sticking points.

How do we get past the sticking points?  There is no magic formula or one size fits all approach, unfortunately, but different methods work for different people that have different fact patterns to their life situations.  The key is the willingness to try different methods to resolve the differences.  My experience tells me that people that choose divorce mediation or a collaborative law approach are the most willing to utilize different techniques to get past the sticking points.  Lawyers and clients  negotiating a case outside of divorce mediation or collaborative law may use creative settlement techniques as well.

I am writing this blog entry as a brainstorm of different ideas and techniques that I might use or anyone could use to get past the sticking points to settle their divorces no matter the method used.  The suggestions are not in any particular order and are by no means an exhaustive list. Continue reading ›

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A party to a divorce can change their last name back to a prior surname once the divorce is granted.  There will be language in the Judgment of Divorce which either specifies the last name that can be resumed or that in general they may start to use whatever their maiden name used to be.  That Judgment of Divorce can then be brought to the Department of Motor Vehicles, Social Security office and other important places, to have them issue a drivers license with the proper new name.  The Judgment of Divorce will reflect this regardless of the method utilized to get the divorce.  This means that if you go through divorce mediation, collaborative divorce, or the traditional adversarial model the same language about the name change should be in the Judgment of Divorce.  Your New York City or Long Island Divorce Lawyer that drafts the documents to submit to the Supreme Court as part of the divorce package should include the last name change language in the papers that are submitted to finalize the divorce.

People that want to change their first and/or last name or are not going through a divorce can apply to change their names as well.  On Long Island and other locations outside of New York City, such as Westchester and Rockland Counties, name change petitions are done in the Supreme Court.  In New York City they are done in the New York City Civil Court.  The application should be done in the County that the person applying for the name change lives in.  You do not necessarily need to have been born in New York to do your name change application here, it is however necessary that you are now a New York resident to file the case here. The filing fee to start the case in the Suffolk County or Nassau County Supreme Court is $210.00 while it costs $65.00 in a New York City Civil Court.

With the filing fee, you or your family law attorney can submit a name change petition and the order you would like the judge to sign granting the name change.  A birth certificate or other proof of birth needs to be submitted with the papers.  If the name change petition is approved, the Judge will require the notification of the name change to be published in a newspaper.  Name change applications are public record, but at times, a court might dispense with the publication requirement and seal the request for the name change if there are personal safety issues shown to the court. Continue reading ›

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Separation agreements or stipulations of settlement that come from divorce mediations or a collaborative divorce case are structured the same as a stipulation of settlement that emanates from a divorce litigation that was eventually settled.  The differences between the three methods are in the process by which the agreements are made.  For more information about the divorce mediation, collaborative divorce, and divorce litigation processes please see some of my other blog entries on this site.  This article will focus upon the contents of a typical agreement or stipulation of settlement.  The structure of agreements vary from case to case and by the person who drafts the agreement.  In other words, the appearance and contents of an agreement can vary.  This blog entry is just an overview.  Actual agreements should be drafted and reviewed by trained New York matrimonial lawyers.

I handle cases all around the New York City area.  As a Long Island Divorce Mediation Lawyer I have customary items that I like to include when I am the drafting attorney.  The beginning of the settlement agreement typically will list out certain facts about the specific marriage.  The date and place of the marriage, whether it was a civil or religious ceremony and if there are children of the marriage are set forth.  Next, the elements of the law that were considered in deciding the various aspects of the divorce can be enumerated.

Equitable distribution is a topic that needs to be considered for the dissolution of marriage with or without children.  Therefore almost every stipulation will state that in regard to the subject of equitable distribution the parties have considered New York Domestic Relations Law Section 236(B) (5)(d) and the specifics of that section of the statute.  Even if there are no marital assets to distribute, this section will usually still be included.  Almost every settlement agreement will also list that in resolving the issue of the spousal maintenance, the Parties considered the following statutory factors, pursuant to New York Domestic Relations Law Section 236(B) (6).  This section should be included whether or not any spousal maintenance is actually awarded to the husband or wife.  Only if there are children the agreement should spell out that the parties have considered the provisions of Domestic Relations Law Section 236(B) (7) and have been advised of the provisions of Domestic Relations Law Section 240(1-b), commonly known as the Child Support Standards Act.  If there are children under eighteen years of age then the elements of the Domestic Relations Law that were considered regarding custody and parenting time should be spelled out as well. Continue reading ›

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Alimony is now known as maintenance in New York.  “Pendente lite” (Latin for pending the litigation) maintenance, or temporary maintenance, is a legal term for the maintenance that is to be paid while a divorce case is ongoing.  Pendente lite maintenance is different from durational or “permanent” maintenance which is the maintenance, if any, that is to be paid once the judgment of divorce, is granted.  Durational or permanent maintenance does not mean maintenance that is paid forever more, if there is any to be paid, as it is usually for some period of time.  Maintenance is intended to allow a party to a divorce sufficient time to get back on their feet, so to speak, or to be able to be self supporting.   As a New York City and Long Island Alimony Attorney and divorce mediator, I deal with the issue of maintenance every day.

In a divorce mediation or a collaborative divorce cases, the issue of whether there should be maintenance should be discussed to determine if there should be maintenance, the amount, and for how long it should last.  How the family can transition from a one household unit to a two household unit is usually the focus in a mediation or collaborative case.  Everyone’s budgets are looked at to see how to make things work.

Likewise, in a litigation, the amount of maintenance can be agreed upon.   If there is not an agreement concerning temporary or pendente lite maintenance, a party to a divorce litigation would need to make a motion to ask a Judge to order that to be paid while the case is pending.  This motion is called a pendente lite motion in the court.  Usually all of the things that someone might need a court to order while the case is ongoing should be requested in a pendente lite motion.  Typical things to ask a Judge to rule upon might be:  temporary custody and parenting time (visitation) of children; pendente lite child support; payment of the carrying costs of the marital residence; exclusive use and occupancy of the marital residence; attorney fees; and expert fees among other requests.  Other and future blog entries contain more details about these other aspects, besides maintenance, of pendente lite motions and agreements. Continue reading ›

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Collaborative law is a process where couples, and their lawyers, agree to settle their differences without the courts or threatening to litigate.  This is accomplished by everyone signing an agreement to work together in a cooperative or collaborative fashion, to iron out all the details that need to be settled in a divorce (or other family law issue such as spousal support, child support, or custody).  Compliance with collaboratively made agreements is higher than settlements or orders that emerge from litigated divorces.  What this means is that the need for future litigation and court processes are less likely for people that go through a collaborative divorce than a litigated case.  Couples that go through a collaborative case can often stay friends, even after they are no longer married.  The stress on the children of divorcing couples is minimized in this method.

A usual first step for someone interested in a collaborative law divorce is to find a collaborative law attorney that they wish to use on the case.   I happen to be a Long Island collaborative divorce attorney, although I work all over the area.  A lawyer that is properly equipped to work on a collaborative law case should have substantial matrimonial law experience.  The lawyer should have undergone extensive collaborative law and mediation training as well.  One sure way to find a lawyer that has the right credentials to work on a collaborative law case is to select one that is a member of the New York Association of Collaborative Professionals.  Member lawyers have been screened to ensure that they have the right background and training to handle a collaborative law case.

The lawyers do not use adversarial methods in this process.  Clients have the benefit of being represented by a lawyer at all times.  Some people feel that they need the representation and advice of a lawyer through the whole divorce process, which they might not get in mediation.  The parties in a collaborative case however have decided that they do not want to battle in court as is often a part of the traditional litigation model.  The lawyers that work on the collaborative case are not permitted to continue on the case if later there is litigation.  This helps to ensure that everyone is committed to the collaborative process.  The professionals that work on the case are able to deal with the legal, financial and emotional aspects that are part of a divorce.  For people who are not interested in an adversarial divorce, collaborative law could be the alternative approach they are seeking. Continue reading ›

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Extraordinary circumstances must exist for someone who is not a parent to be able to prevail against a parent for custody or guardianship in New York.  Only if these extraordinary circumstances are found by a court to exist should the court then consider if it is in the best interests of the child(ren) for the grandparent, relative or other person to be given guardianship or custody.  Further consideration will be given below to guardianship and custody requests by grandparents or other non-parents. But first I will address the topic of grandparent rights to visitation which I have seen come up a lot in my practice as a New York City and Long Island Child Custody Attorney.

Whether or not a grandparent has “standing” to petition for visitation is the first thing that must be established for a court to decide a grandparent visitation petition.  Standing means whether or not the person has the right to be heard in court.  If the petitioning party does not have standing the case should be dismissed.  There is automatic standing if one of the parents of the child has died.  In other cases, courts need to determine if equitable circumstances, dictate that a court should intervene to hear the grandparent visitation request.  Such equitable circumstances could be extended disruption of custody by a parent, parental abandonment, physical or mental unfitness of a parent, among other scenarios.

If a grandparent is found to have standing, then a court must determine if it is in the child(ren)’s best interests for the grandparent to be given a visitation order.  Usually if it is necessary for a grandparent to petition for visitation, a parent or parents with custody are opposed to the grandparent getting a visitation order.  Because the care, custody, and control of children is considered a fundamental right of parents, there is a presumption to be given that “fit” parents are acting in the best interests of their children.  Courts are therefore supposed to give “special weight” to a fit parent’s wishes about a grandparent visitation order.  Courts still have the final decision on the matter, but the parental preference in such a situation needs to be considered by the court.  The nature and extent of the relationship that the child already had with the grandparent(s), the child’s preferences, the needs of the children, and the reasons for the opposition to the visitation should all be weighed by the court before determining whether to grant the visitation order or not. Continue reading ›

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Child custody in Long Island and New York, applies to children until they are eighteen years of age.  Although eighteen is the age of majority in custody cases, child support continues in New York until age 21 for unemancipated children.  The different types of custody situations are fairly uniform throughout New York.  What this means is whether you live in Suffolk, Nassau, Queens or elsewhere, the different options for a settlement or decision on custody and parenting time matters should not vary too greatly with geography.  It helps to have a working knowledge of what the different options are that are out there to know what to seek in your specific case.  I will attempt to define what the most common custody arrangements mean in this blog entry.

There are two major areas of custody of a child that need to be decided.  The first is with which parent the child lives.  When a child lives with a parent, pursuant to a court order, this means that the parent has residential custody according to the law.  The second major area that needs to be defined in a custody order is who has decision making authority for the minor child.  The parent or parents who has/have the decision making power under the court order is said to have legal custody.

When someone has “Full” or “Sole” custody, that usually means that the child lives with that parent and that parent has full decision making authority for the child.  In this situation that parent is the only person that has the authority to make decisions for the child.  In other words, the person that has full or sole custody has both residential and legal custody for the child.  Often it is understood and ordered that this person should consult with the other parent before a decision is made, however, ultimately the parent with sole custody gets to make the final decision.  The parent that does not live with the children, or the parent that does not have residential custody in any of the custody situations usually has the right to parenting time or a visitation schedule.  Details about different parenting time or visitation schedules will be the subject of a future blog entry. Continue reading ›

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Each case is unique, however, I am writing this blog entry to give people a broad outline of how a New York divorce litigation might proceed on Long Island, New York City or the surrounding areas based on what I know and have seen in my practice. A divorce case can be initiated by either filing a Summons with Notice or a Summons and Complaint. The Plaintiff then has 120 days, without obtaining an extension of that time from the court, to have the summons served upon the defendant. If the summons is personally served upon the Defendant in New York, the Defendant then has twenty days to “appear” in the action. In the situation where a Summons with Notice is served without a Complaint, the Defendant’s lawyer would usually serve a “Notice of Appearance and Demand for Complaint”.

After being served with the “Demand for the Complaint”, the Plaintiff’s lawyer would then have twenty days to serve the Complaint. Upon being served with the Complaint, the Defendant’s lawyer would have twenty days to interpose an Answer and any Counterclaims. The aforementioned time periods are imposed by statute. Extensions of time are routinely granted to each side upon consent. Before, after, and while all the aforementioned legal documents are being exchanged, the settlement negotiations can be ongoing between the parties and counsel. Negotiations may proceed by telephone calls, letters, or four way meetings (conferences with parties and their counsel) outside of court.

If a settlement can not be reached out of court, the only way for a divorce to be finalized is by “Judicial Intervention.” The attorney for either side might file what is called a “Pendente Lite” motion, to ask a court to order certain things while the case is pending. Typically, the types of things requested in this motion are: temporary orders of custody and parenting time; temporary child support; temporary maintenance; exclusive use and occupancy of the marital residence; payment of carrying charges of the residence; payment of certain costs and fees that might be necessary in the case such as appraisal costs or forensic accounting analyses; orders of protection; requests for lawyer fees and various other possible requests. Continue reading ›

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